Dr Paul Bradley
Sport and Exercise Sciences

Faculty: Faculty of Science
School: Sport and Exercise Sciences
Email address: P.S.Bradley@ljmu.ac.uk
Telephone: 0151 231 4329
Currently a Reader in Sports Performance at LJMU. I specialise in Integrative Football Solutions (linking scientific data together). I typically conduct translational work within an elite football setting that bridges the gap between cutting edge research and professional practice (e.g. not just research for research sake but work that adds value to the applied setting). This work uses a systematic scientific approach to optimising team performance through refining monitoring and training modes.
Journal article
Bradley P. 2020. Beyond ‘blind’ distance covered in football match analysis: is it time to progress to a contextualised paradigm? BARCA INNOVATION HUB FOOTBALL ANALYTICS GUIDE 2021,
Bradley P. 2020. FOOTBALL VISUALISATION: CAPTURING CHAOS AND CULTIVATING CONTEXT Football Medical and Performance Association Journal, :50-55 Publisher Url
Ade JD, Drust B, Morgan OJ, Bradley PS. 2020. Physiological characteristics and acute fatigue associated with position-specific speed endurance soccer drills: production vs maintenance training Science and Medicine in Football, :1-12 DOI
Bradley PS, Martin Garcia A, Ade J, Gomez Diaz A. 2019. Positional Training in Elite Football: Context Matters Football Medicine & Performance, :31-35 Public Url
Bradley PS, Ade J. 2019. CAN MODERN FOOTBALL MATCH DEMANDS BE TRANSLATED INTO NOVEL TRAINING AND TESTING MODES? Football Medicine & Performance, :10-13 Public Url
Pullinger S, Bradley P, Causer J, Ford P, Newlove A, Patel K, Reid K, Doran D, Burniston J, Robertson C, Waterhouse J, Edwards B. 2019. Football-induced fatigue in hypoxia impairs repeated sprint ability and perceptual-cognitive skills. Science and Medicine in Football, 3 :221-230 DOI Author Url Publisher Url Public Url
Martín García A, Gómez Díaz A, Bradley PS, Cos Morera F, Casamichana D. 2018. The Quantification of a Professional Football Teams External Load Using a Microcycle Structure Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, DOI Author Url Public Url
Casamichana D, Bradley PS, Castellano J. 2018. Influence of varied pitch shape on soccer players physiological responses and time-motion characteristics during small-sided games. Journal of Human Kinetics, DOI Author Url Public Url
Bradley PS, Di Mascio M, Mohr M, Fransson D, Wells C, Moreira A, Castellano J, Gomez Diaz A, Ade J. 2018. Can Modern Trends in Elite Football Match Demands Be Translated into Novel Training and Testing Modes? Aspetar Sports Medicine Journal, Publisher Url Public Url
Zanetti V, Carling C, Aoki MS, Bradley PS, Moreira A. 2018. Are There Differences in Elite Youth Soccer Player Work Rate Profiles in Congested vs. Regular Match Schedules? Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, DOI Author Url Public Url
Bradley PS, Ade JD. 2018. Are Current Physical Match Performance Metrics in Elite Soccer Fit for Purpose or is the Adoption of an Integrated Approach Needed? Int J Sports Physiol Perform, :1-23 DOI Author Url Publisher Url Public Url
Fransson D, Nielsen TS, Olsson K, Christensson T, Bradley PS, Fatouros IG, Krustrup P, Nordsborg NB, Mohr M. 2018. Skeletal muscle and performance adaptations to high-intensity training in elite male soccer players: speed endurance runs versus small-sided game training EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSIOLOGY, 118 :111-121 DOI Author Url Public Url
Di Mascio M, Ade J, Musham C, Girard O, Bradley PS. 2018. Soccer-Specific Reactive Repeated-Sprint Ability in Elite Youth Soccer Players: Maturation Trends and Association with Various Physical Performance Tests Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, DOI Author Url Public Url
Simim MAM, da Mota GR, Marocolo M, da Silva BVC, de Mello MT, Bradley PS. 2018. The Demands of Amputee Soccer Impair Muscular Endurance and Power Indices But Not Match Physical Performance ADAPTED PHYSICAL ACTIVITY QUARTERLY, 35 :76-92 DOI Author Url
Girard O, Billaut F, Christian RJ, Bradley PS, Bishop DJ. 2017. Exercise-related sensations contribute to decrease power during repeated cycle sprints with limited influence on neural drive European Journal of Applied Physiology, 117 :2171-2179 DOI Author Url Public Url
Bellistri G, Marzorati M, Sodero L, Sforza C, Bradley PS, Porcelli S. 2017. Match running performance and physical capacity profiles of U8 and U10 soccer players Sport Sciences for Health, 13 :273-280 DOI Public Url
Nakamura FY, Pereira LA, Loturco I, Rosseti M, Moura FA, Bradley PS. 2017. Repeated-sprint sequences during female soccer matches using fixed and individual speed thresholds. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 31 :1802-1810 DOI Author Url Public Url
Bradley PS. 2017. The quantification of game-induced muscle fatigue in amputee soccer players The Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness, DOI Author Url Public Url
Moreira A, Saldanha Aoki M, Carling C, Alan Rodrigues Lopes R, Felipe Schultz de Arruda A, Lima M, Cesar Correa U, Bradley PS. 2016. Temporal Changes in Technical and Physical Performances During a Small-Sided Game in Elite Youth Soccer Players. Asian J Sports Med, 7 :e35411-e35411 DOI Author Url Public Url
Moreira A, Bradley PS, Carling C, Arruda AF, Spigolon L, Franciscon C, Aoki M. 2016. Effect of a Congested Match Schedule on Immune-Endocrine responses, Technical Performance, and Session-RPE in Elite Youth Soccer Players Journal of Sports Sciences, 34 :2255-2261 DOI Publisher Url Public Url
Ade J, Fitzpatrick J, Bradley PS. 2016. High-intensity efforts in elite soccer matches and associated movement patterns, technical skills and tactical actions. Information for position-specific training drills Journal of Sports Sciences, 34 :2205-2214 DOI Author Url Public Url
Saldanha M, Torres Ronda2 L, Rebouças Marcelino P, Drago P, Carling C, Bradley PS, Moreira A. 2016. Monitoring Training Loads in Professional Basketball Players Engaged in a Periodized Training Programme Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, DOI Author Url Public Url
Bradley PS, Carling C, McCall A, Dupont G. 2016. Match-to-match variability in high-speed running activity in a professional soccer team Journal of Sports Sciences, DOI Author Url Public Url
Bradley PS, Archer DT, Hogg B, Schuth G, Bush M, Carling C, Barnes C. 2016. Tier-specific evolution of match performance characteristics in the English Premier League: it's getting tougher at the top JOURNAL OF SPORTS SCIENCES, 34 :980-987 DOI Author Url Public Url
Sarmento H, Bradley P, Anguera MT, Polido T, Resende R, Campaniço J. 2016. Quantifying the offensive sequences that result in goals in elite futsal matches Journal of Sports Sciences, 34 :621-629 DOI
da Mota GR, Thiengo CR, Gimenes SV, Bradley PS. 2016. The effects of ball possession status on physical and technical indicators during the 2014 FIFA World Cup Finals JOURNAL OF SPORTS SCIENCES, 34 :493-500 DOI Author Url Public Url
Schuth G, Carr G, Barnes C, Carling C, Bradley PS. 2016. Positional interchanges influence the physical and technical match performance variables of elite soccer players JOURNAL OF SPORTS SCIENCES, 34 :501-508 DOI Author Url Public Url
Di Mascio M, Ade J, Bradley PS. 2015. The reliability, validity and sensitivity of a novel soccer-specific reactive repeated-sprint test (RRST) EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSIOLOGY, 115 :2531-2542 DOI Author Url Public Url
Bush MD, Archer DT, Hogg R, Bradley PS. 2015. Factors Influencing Physical and Technical Variability in the English Premier League INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SPORTS PHYSIOLOGY AND PERFORMANCE, 10 :865-872 DOI Author Url Public Url
Carling C, Gregson W, McCall A, Moreira A, Wong DP, Bradley PS. 2015. Match Running Performance During Fixture Congestion in Elite Soccer: Research Issues and Future Directions SPORTS MEDICINE, 45 :605-613 DOI Author Url Public Url
Paul DJ, Bradley PS, Nassis GP. 2015. Factors Affecting Match Running Performance of Elite Soccer Players: Shedding Some Light on the Complexity INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SPORTS PHYSIOLOGY AND PERFORMANCE, 10 :516-519 DOI Author Url Public Url
Bush M, Barnes C, Archer DT, Hogg B, Bradley PS. 2015. Evolution of match performance parameters for various playing positions in the English Premier League HUMAN MOVEMENT SCIENCE, 39 :1-11 DOI Author Url Public Url
Krustrup P, Bradley PS, Christensen JF, Castagna C, Jackman S, Connolly L, Randers MB, Mohr M, Bangsbo J. 2015. The Yo-Yo IE2 Test: Physiological Response for Untrained Men versus Trained Soccer Players MEDICINE AND SCIENCE IN SPORTS AND EXERCISE, 47 :100-108 DOI Author Url Public Url
Bradley PS, Vescovi JD. 2015. Velocity Thresholds for Women’s Soccer Matches: Sex Specificity Dictates High-Speed-Running and Sprinting Thresholds—Female Athletes in Motion (FAiM) International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance, 10 :112-116 DOI
Sarmento H, Bradley PS, Travassos B. 2015. The Transition from Match Analysis to Intervention: Optimising the Coaching Process in Elite Futsal International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport, 15 :471-488
Bradley PS, Lago-Penas C, Rey E, Sampaio J. 2014. The influence of situational variables on ball possession in the English Premier League JOURNAL OF SPORTS SCIENCES, 32 :1867-1873 DOI Author Url
Barnes C, Archer DT, Hogg B, Bush M, Bradley PS. 2014. The Evolution of Physical and Technical Performance Parameters in the English Premier League INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SPORTS MEDICINE, 35 :1095-1100 DOI Author Url
Ade JD, Harley JA, Bradley PS. 2014. Physiological Response, Time-Motion Characteristics, and Reproducibility of Various Speed-Endurance Drills in Elite Youth Soccer Players: Small-Sided Games Versus Generic Running INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SPORTS PHYSIOLOGY AND PERFORMANCE, 9 :471-479 DOI Author Url
Castellano J, Alvarez-Pastor D, Bradley PS. 2014. Evaluation of Research Using Computerised Tracking Systems (Amisco (R) and Prozone (R)) to Analyse Physical Performance in Elite Soccer: A Systematic Review SPORTS MEDICINE, 44 :701-712 DOI Author Url
Bradley PS, Lago-Penas C, Rey E. 2014. Evaluation of the Match Performances of Substitution Players in Elite Soccer INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SPORTS PHYSIOLOGY AND PERFORMANCE, 9 :415-424 DOI Author Url
Ingebrigtsen J, Brochmann M, Castagna C, Bradley PS, Ade J, Krustrup P, Holtermann A. 2014. Relationships Between Field Performance Tests in High-Level Soccer Players JOURNAL OF STRENGTH AND CONDITIONING RESEARCH, 28 :942-949 DOI Author Url
Bradley PS, Dellal A, Mohr M, Castellano J, Wilkie A. 2014. Gender differences in match performance characteristics of soccer players competing in the UEFA Champions League HUMAN MOVEMENT SCIENCE, 33 :159-171 DOI Author Url
Bradley PS, Bendiksen M, Dellal A, Mohr M, Wilkie A, Datson N, Orntoft C, Zebis M, Gomez-Diaz A, Bangsbo J, Krustrup P. 2014. The Application of the Yo-Yo Intermittent Endurance Level 2 Test to Elite Female Soccer Populations SCANDINAVIAN JOURNAL OF MEDICINE & SCIENCE IN SPORTS, 24 :43-54 DOI Author Url
Bradley PS, Noakes TD. 2013. Match running performance fluctuations in elite soccer: Indicative of fatigue, pacing or situational influences? JOURNAL OF SPORTS SCIENCES, 31 :1627-1638 DOI Author Url
Gomez-Diaz AJ, Bradley PS, Diaz A, Pallares JG. 2013. Rate of perceived exertion in professional soccer importance of the physical and psychological factors for training and competition. ANALES DE PSICOLOGIA, 29 :656-661 DOI Author Url
Bradley PS, Lago-Penas C, Rey E, Gomez Diaz A. 2013. The effect of high and low percentage ball possession on physical and technical profiles in English FA Premier League soccer matches JOURNAL OF SPORTS SCIENCES, 31 :1261-1270 DOI Author Url
Bradley PS, Carling C, Gomez Diaz A, Hood P, Barnes C, Ade J, Boddy M, Krustrup P, Mohr M. 2013. Match performance and physical capacity of players in the top three competitive standards of English professional soccer HUMAN MOVEMENT SCIENCE, 32 :808-821 DOI Author Url
Di Mascio M, Bradley PS. 2013. EVALUATION OF THE MOST INTENSE HIGH-INTENSITY RUNNING PERIOD IN ENGLISH FA PREMIER LEAGUE SOCCER MATCHES JOURNAL OF STRENGTH AND CONDITIONING RESEARCH, 27 :909-915 DOI Author Url
Bradley PS, Krustrup P. 2013. Counter-point number 3: football-specific testing: adding value or confirming the evidence? JOURNAL OF SPORTS SCIENCES, 31 :1506-1507 Author Url
Jose Gomez-Diaz A, Pallares JG, Diaz A, Bradley PS. 2013. QUANTIFICATION OF PHYSICAL AND PSYCHOLOGICAL LOADS: DIFFERENCES IN COMPETITIVE LEVELS AND THE EFFECTS ON MATCH RESULTS REVISTA DE PSICOLOGIA DEL DEPORTE, 22 :463-469 Author Url
Bradley PS, Di Mascio M, Bangsbo J, Krustrup P. 2012. The maximal and sub-maximal versions of the Yo-Yo intermittent endurance test level 2 are simply reproducible, sensitive and valid EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSIOLOGY, 112 :1973-1975 DOI Author Url
Bradley PS, Mohr M, Bendiksen M, Randers MB, Flindt M, Barnes C, Hood P, Gomez A, Andersen JL, Di Mascio M, Bangsbo J, Krustrup P. 2011. Sub-maximal and maximal Yo-Yo intermittent endurance test level 2: heart rate response, reproducibility and application to elite soccer EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSIOLOGY, 111 :969-978 DOI Author Url
Bradley PS, Carling C, Archer D, Roberts J, Dodds A, Di Mascio M, Paul D, Diaz AG, Peart D, Krustrup P. 2011. The effect of playing formation on high-intensity running and technical profiles in English FA Premier League soccer matches JOURNAL OF SPORTS SCIENCES, 29 :821-830 DOI Author Url
Bradley PS, Di Mascio M, Peart D, Olsen P, Sheldon B. 2010. HIGH-INTENSITY ACTIVITY PROFILES OF ELITE SOCCER PLAYERS AT DIFFERENT PERFORMANCE LEVELS JOURNAL OF STRENGTH AND CONDITIONING RESEARCH, 24 :2343-2351 DOI Author Url
Bradley PS, Sheldon W, Wooster B, Olsen P, Boanas P, Krustrup P. 2009. High-intensity running in English FA Premier League soccer matches JOURNAL OF SPORTS SCIENCES, 27 :159-168 DOI Author Url
Bradley PS, Portas MD. 2007. The relationship between preseason range of motion and muscle strain injury in elite soccer players JOURNAL OF STRENGTH AND CONDITIONING RESEARCH, 21 :1155-1159 DOI Author Url
Bradley PS, O’Donoghue P, Wooster B, Tordoff P. 2007. The reliability of Prozone Match Viewer: a video-based technical performance analysis system International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport, 7 :117-129
Bradley PS, Olsen PD, Portas MD. 2007. The effect of static, ballistic, and proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation stretching on vertical jump performance. Journal of strength and conditioning research, 21 :223-226 DOI Author Url
Bradley PS, Olsen PD, Portas MD. 2007. The effect of static, ballistic, and proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation stretching on vertical jump performance JOURNAL OF STRENGTH AND CONDITIONING RESEARCH, 21 :223-226 DOI Author Url
Bush M, Archer DT, Hogg B, Barnes C, Bradley PS. Longitudinal Match Performance Characteristics of UK and Non-UK Players in the English Premier League Science and Medicine in Football, 1 :2-9 DOI Public Url
Gomez-Diaz . AG, Pallares JG, Gomez A, Bradley PS. Cuantificación de la carga física y psicológica en fútbol profesional: diferencias según el nivel competitivo y efectos sobre el resultado en competición oficial Revista de Psicología del Deporte, 29 :656-661
Gomez-Diaz A, Bradley PS, Diaz A, Pallares J. Percepción subjetiva del esfuerzo en fútbol profesional: relevancia de los indicadores físicos y psicológicos en el entrenamiento y la competición. Anales de Psicología, 29 :656-661
Olsen P, Elliott J, Frampton C, Bradley PS. Winning and Losing Does Matter: Acute Cardiac Admissions in New Zealand during Rugby World Cup Tournaments. European Journal of Preventive Cardiology, 22 :1254-1260
Sarmento H, Figueiredo A, Lago-Penas C, Milanovic Z, Barbosa A, Tadeu P, Bradley PS. INFLUENCE OF TACTICAL AND SITUATIONAL VARIABLES ON OFFENSIVE SEQUENCES DURING ELITE FOOTBALL MATCHES JOURNAL OF STRENGTH AND CONDITIONING RESEARCH, 32 :2331-2339 DOI Author Url
Julian R, Skorski S, Hecksteden A, Pfeifer C, Bradley PS, Schulze E, Meyer T. Menstrual cycle phase and elite female soccer match-play: influence on various physical performance outputs Science and Medicine in Football, :1-8 DOI
Garcia Martin A, Casamichana Gómez D, Castellano J, Bradley P, Gomez A. ACCUMULATIVE WEEKLY LOAD IN A PROFESSIONAL FOOTBALL TEAM: WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO MATCH PLAYING TIME AND GAME POSITION Biology of Sport,
Chapters
Bradley P. 2020. Chapter 10: Conclusion: It’s Not the End, It’s Only the Beginning! Football Decoded: Using Match Analysis & Context to Interpret the Demands 979-8572156942 Author Url
Bradley P. 2020. Chapter 9: Training Load in Elite Football: Does Contextualised Load Provide Additional Insights? Football Decoded: Using Match Analysis & Context to Interpret the Demands 979-8572156942 Author Url
Bradley P. 2020. Chapter 8: Fatigue Development in Football: It’s Complicated! Football Decoded: Using Match Analysis & Context to Interpret the Demands 979-8572156942 Author Url
Bradley P. 2020. Chapter 7: Translating Match Demands into Valuable Training and Testing Modes: Importance of Cultivating Context Football Decoded: Using Match Analysis & Context to Interpret the Demands 979-8572156942
Bradley P. 2020. Chapter 6: Football Visualisation: If a Picture Is Worth a Thousand Words, What Is Data Viz and Video Telestration Worth? Football Decoded: Using Match Analysis & Context to Interpret the Demands 979-8572156942
Bradley P. 2020. Chapter 5: Viewing Physical Match Performance Through a Tactical Lens: Quantifying the What, How and Why Football Decoded: Using Match Analysis & Context to Interpret the Demands 979-8572156942
Bradley P. 2020. Chapter 4: Performance Characteristics of the Female Player: The Rise of the Women’s Game Football Decoded: Using Match Analysis & Context to Interpret the Demands 979-8572156942
Bradley P. 2020. Chapter 3: (R)evolution in Match Performance: Detailing Style and Substance Football Decoded: Using Match Analysis & Context to Interpret the Demands 979-8572156942
Bradley P. 2020. Chapter 2: Factors Influencing Match Performance: Trying to Interpret the Chaos Football Decoded: Using Match Analysis & Context to Interpret the Demands 979-8572156942
Bradley P. 2020. Chapter 1: The Art and Science of the Beautiful Game Football Decoded: Using Match Analysis & Context to Interpret the Demands 979-8572156942
Helsen W, McMillian K, Tenney D, Bradley PS, Meert JP, Van Winckel J. 2015. Training Principles In J. Van Winckel (1st ed). Fitness in Soccer: The Science and Practical Application. Moveo Ergo Sum Leuven. 21-32. ISBN: 9789082132304.
Van Wincke J, Winkelman N, Landburg R, Bradley PS. 2015. Speed Agility and Quickness (SAQ) and Repeated Sprint Ability (RSA) In J. Van Winckel (1st ed). Fitness in Soccer: The Science and Practical Application. Moveo Ergo Sum Leuven. 109-122. ISBN: 9789082132304.
Helsen W, Van Winckel J, Bradley PS, McMillian K. 2015. Microcycle: week planning In J. Van Winckel (1st ed). Fitness in Soccer: The Science and Practical Application. Moveo Ergo Sum Leuven. 333-434. ISBN: 9789082132304.
Van Winckel J, Helsen W, Meert JP, McMillian K, Bradley PS. 2015. Training Continuum. In J. Van Winckel (1st ed). Fitness in Soccer: The Science and Practical Application. Moveo Ergo Sum Leuven. 185-200. ISBN: 9789082132304.
Van Winckel J, McMillian K, Bradley PS, Tenney D, Helsen W. 2015. Fatigue. In J. Van Winckel (1st ed). Fitness in Soccer: The Science and Practical Application. Moveo Ergo Sum Leuven. 201-217. ISBN: 9789082132304.
Bradley PS. The physical demands of elite soccer match play, In J. Van Winckel (1st ed). Fitness in Soccer: The Science and Practical Application. Moveo Ergo Sum Leuven. 33-41. ISBN: 9789082132304.
Book
Bradley P. 2020. Football Decoded: Using Match Analysis & Context to Interpret the Demands. https://www.amazon.co.uk/FOOTBALL-DECODED-Analysis-Context-Interpret/dp/B08P28B2R5/ref=sr_1_1?dchild=1&keywords=football+decoded&qid=1606734039&sr=8-1 979-8572156942 Author Url Publisher Url
Van Winckel J, Tenney D, Helsen W, McMillan K, Meert JP, Bradley PS. 2015. Fitness in Soccer: The Science and Practical Application
Winckel JV. 2013. Fitness in Soccer 9789082132304
Report
Bradley P, Scott D. 2020. Physical Analysis of the FIFA Women's World Cup France 2019 :1-170 Author Url Publisher Url
Other
Bradley P. 2020. Football Visualisations Author Url Publisher Url
Bradley P. 2019. ‘Looking at Physical Match Performance Through a Tactical Lens’. Piece For The Football Fitness Federation.
Bradley P, Martins-Garcia A, Gomez-Diaz A. 2019. The Barca Way fcbusiness, 116 :18-19 Publisher Url Public Url
Bradley P, Martin-Garcia A, Ade JD, Gomez-Diaz A. 2019. POSITION SPECIFIC & POSITIONAL PLAY TRAINING IN ELITE FOOTBALL Barca Innovation Hub, Publisher Url Public Url
Bradley P. 2018. FC Barcelona: how our new research helped unlock the ‘Barca way’ The Conversation, Publisher Url Public Url
Bradley PS, Evans M, Laws A, Ade J. 2018. ‘Context is King’ when Interpreting Match Physical Performances Public Url
Bradley PS, Laws A, Ade J. 2018. How AI could help football managers spot weak links in their teams Publisher Url Public Url
Bradley PS. 2013. Good News, Roy: Possession is overrated. FourFourTwo Magazine, Publisher Url Public Url
McCun R, Bradley PS. MOVE OVER MICHAEL AND STEVEN?
Editorial/letter to the editor
Carling C, McCall A, Harper D, Bradley PS. 2019. Comment on: "The Use of Microtechnology to Quantify the Peak Match Demands of the Football Codes: A Systematic Review" SPORTS MEDICINE, 49 :343-345 DOI Author Url
Carling C, Wright C, Nelson LJ, Bradley PS. 2014. Comment on 'Performance analysis in football: A critical review and implications for future research' JOURNAL OF SPORTS SCIENCES, 32 :2-7 DOI Author Url
Industrial connections:
Consultant for FC Barcelona, FC Barcelona. 2018