Dr Robbie Rae
School of Biological and Environmental Sciences

Faculty: Faculty of Science
Email address: R.G.Rae@ljmu.ac.uk
Telephone: 0151 231 2486
Reader in Ecological Genetics
Parasites and hosts have been embroiled in a co-evolutionary arms race for millions of years. To study this relationship I use parasitic nematodes and gastropods (slugs and snails). Specifically, I research the slug parasitic nematode Phasmarhabditis hermaphrodita. It has been developed as a biological control agent to kill slugs and snails in farms and gardens for 25 years. We have recently isolated 20 wild strains of different Phasmarhabditis species and have investigated their behaviour, pathogenicity to slugs as well as there tolerance to abiotic factors. We have also begun sequencing the genomes of our Phasmarhabditis species. Our main aim is to make a better biological control agent for slugs. To do this I have received funding from BASF Agricultural Specialities, the Royal Horticultural Society and the Wellcome Trust. More information can be found at my blog phasmarhabditis@wordpress.com
In general, my research can be split into 3 areas:
1. Investigating natural variation in pathogenicity of wild strains of Phasmarhabditis and the associated molecular mechanisms.
2. Examining how snails defend themselves from Phasmarhabditis nematodes and the role of the gastropod shell.
3. Studying the effect of Phasmarhabditis nematodes on slug and snail behaviour.
At JMU I am module leader for the final year Research Project (6201NATSCI) as well as Applications of Genetics in Health and Disease (6203NATSCi). I also teach on a range of undergraduate courses including Genes and Genomes, Wildlife Forensics, Genetics and Evolution and Health and Disease.
Degrees
2007, University of Aberdeen, United Kingdom, PhD Plant and Soil Science
2003, University of Aberdeen, United Kingdom, MSc Environmental Science
2002, University of Aberdeen, United Kingdom, BSc (Hons ) Forest Management
Academic appointments
Reader in Ecological Genetics, Liverpool John Moores University, 2020 - present
Lecturer in Ecological Genetics, Liverpool John Moores University, 2013 - 2020
Postdoctoral research fellow, Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology (MPG), 2007 - 2013
Highlighted publications
Howe D, Ha A, Colton A, Tandingan De Ley I, Rae R, Ross J, Wilson M, Nermut J, Zhao Z, McDonnell R, Denver D. 2020. Phylogenetic evidence for the invasion of a commercialized European Phasmarhabditis hermaphrodita lineage into North America and New Zealand PLoS One, DOI Author Url
Rae R, Cutler J. 2020. Pathogenicity of wild and commercial Phasmarhabditis hermaphrodita exposed to the pestiferous slug Deroceras invadens Journal of Invertebrate Pathology, DOI Author Url Public Url
Knot I, Zouganelis G, Weedall G, Wich S, Rae R. 2020. DNA barcoding of nematodes using the MinION Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution, DOI Author Url Publisher Url Public Url
Morris A, Green M, Martin H, Crossland K, Swaney WT, Williamson S, Rae RG. 2018. A nematode that can manipulate the behaviour of slugs Behavioural Processes, 151 :73-80 DOI Author Url Public Url
Rae R. 2017. The gastropod shell has been co-opted to kill parasitic nematodes SCIENTIFIC REPORTS, 7 DOI Author Url Public Url
Falkingham P, Rae R. 3D morphology of nematode encapsulation in snail shells, revealed by micro-CT imaging Scientific Reports, DOI Author Url Public Url
Journal article
Howe D, Ha A, Colton A, Tandingan De Ley I, Rae R, Ross J, Wilson M, Nermut J, Zhao Z, McDonnell R, Denver D. 2020. Phylogenetic evidence for the invasion of a commercialized European Phasmarhabditis hermaphrodita lineage into North America and New Zealand PLoS One, DOI Author Url
Barua A, McDonald-Howard K, McDonnell R, Rae R, Williams C. 2020. Toxicity of essential oils to slug parasitic and entomopathogenic nematodes Journal of Pest Science, DOI Author Url Public Url
Rae R, Cutler J. 2020. Pathogenicity of wild and commercial Phasmarhabditis hermaphrodita exposed to the pestiferous slug Deroceras invadens Journal of Invertebrate Pathology, DOI Author Url Public Url
Knot I, Zouganelis G, Weedall G, Wich S, Rae R. 2020. DNA barcoding of nematodes using the MinION Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution, DOI Author Url Publisher Url Public Url
Cutler J, Rae R. 2020. Natural variation in host finding behaviour of gastropod parasitic nematodes (Phasmarhabditis spp.) exposed to host associated cues Journal of Helminthology, DOI Author Url Public Url
Edmunds S, Wilding C, Rae R. 2020. Pathogenicity and environmental tolerance of commercial and UK native entomopathogenic nematodes (Steinernema and Heterorhabditis spp.) to the larvae of mosquitos (Aedes aegypti and Ochlerotatus detritus). International Journal of Pest Management, DOI Author Url Publisher Url Public Url
Cutler J, Williamson S, Rae R. 2019. The effect of sertraline, haloperidol and apomorphine on the behavioural manipulation of slugs (Deroceras invadens) by the nematode Phasmarhabditis hermaphrodita Behavioural Processes, DOI Author Url Publisher Url Public Url
Rae RG. 2019. My favourite nematode – Phasmarhabditis hermaphrodita Nematology, 21 :1-4 DOI Author Url Publisher Url Public Url
Rae RG, Andrus P. 2018. Natural variation in chemoattraction in the gastropod parasitic nematodes Phasmarhabditis hermaphrodita, P. neopapillosa and P. californica exposed to slug mucus Nematology, DOI Author Url Public Url
Andrus P, Ingle O, Coleman T, Rae R. 2018. Gastropod parasitic nematodes (Phasmarhabditis sp.) are attracted to hyaluronic acid in snail mucus by cGMP signalling Journal of Helminthology, DOI Author Url Publisher Url Public Url
Edmunds C, Post RJ, Wilding CS, Rae R. 2018. A survey investigating the diversity and distribution of entomopathogenic nematodes in the UK and the first confirmed UK record of Steinernema carpocapsae Nematology, 20 :851-858 DOI Author Url Publisher Url Public Url
Morris A, Green M, Martin H, Crossland K, Swaney WT, Williamson S, Rae RG. 2018. A nematode that can manipulate the behaviour of slugs Behavioural Processes, 151 :73-80 DOI Author Url Public Url
Rae RG, Andrus P. 2018. Development of Phasmarhabditis hermaphrodita (and members of the Phasmarhabditis genus) as new genetic model nematodes to study the genetic basis of parasitism Journal of Helminthology, DOI Author Url Public Url
Edmunds C, Wilding CS, Rae R. 2017. Susceptibility of Chironomus plumosus larvae (Diptera: Chironomidae) to entomopathogenic nematodes (Rhabditida: Steinernematidae and Heterorhabditidae): potential for control European Journal of Entomology, 114 :526-532 DOI Author Url Public Url
Rae R. 2017. The gastropod shell has been co-opted to kill parasitic nematodes SCIENTIFIC REPORTS, 7 DOI Author Url Public Url
Cutler J, Hughes K, Rae RG. 2017. Susceptibility of cockroaches (Gromphadorhina portentosa, Nauphoeta cinerea and Blaptica dubia) exposed to entomopathogenic nematodes Biocontrol Science and Technology, 27 :556-564 DOI Author Url Publisher Url Public Url
Carnaghi M, Rae R, Tandingan De Ley I, Johnston E, Kindermann G, Mc Donnell R, O'Hanlon A, Reich I, Sheahan J, Williams CD, Gormally MJ. 2017. Nematode associates and susceptibility of a protected slug (Geomalacus maculosus) to four biocontrol nematodes Biocontrol Science and Technology, :1-6 DOI Author Url Public Url
Williams A, Rae R. 2016. Cepaea nemoralis (Linnaeus, 1758) uses its shell as a defence mechanism to trap and kill parasitic nematodes JOURNAL OF MOLLUSCAN STUDIES, 82 :349-350 DOI Author Url Public Url
Wynne R, Morris A, Rae R. 2016. Behavioural avoidance by slugs and snails of the parasitic nematode Phasmarhabditis hermaphrodita BIOCONTROL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, 26 :1129-1138 DOI Author Url Public Url
Sinha A, Rae R. 2016. Genome-Wide RNAi Screens in C. elegans to Identify Genes Influencing Lifespan and Innate Immunity. Methods in molecular biology (Clifton, N.J.), 1470 :171-182 DOI Author Url
Williams AJ, Rae R. 2015. Susceptibility of the Giant African snail (Achatina fulica) exposed to the gastropod parasitic nematode Phasmarhabditis hermaphrodita JOURNAL OF INVERTEBRATE PATHOLOGY, 127 :122-126 DOI Author Url Public Url
Whitaker G, Rae R. 2015. The gastropod parasitic nematode Phasmarhabditis hermaphrodita does not affect non-target freshwater snails Lymnaea stagnalis, Bithynia tentaculata and Planorbarius corneus NEMATOLOGY, 17 :679-683 DOI Author Url Public Url
Sinha A, Rae R. 2014. A Functional Genomic Screen for Evolutionarily Conserved Genes Required for Lifespan and Immunity in Germline-Deficient C. elegans PLOS ONE, 9 DOI Author Url
Rae R, Witte H, Rödelsperger C, Sommer RJ. 2012. The importance of being regular: Caenorhabditis elegans and Pristionchus pacificus defecation mutants are hypersusceptible to bacterial pathogens. Int J Parasitol, 42 :747-753 DOI Author Url
Sinha A, Rae R, Iatsenko I, Sommer RJ. 2012. System wide analysis of the evolution of innate immunity in the nematode model species Caenorhabditis elegans and Pristionchus pacificus. PLoS One, 7 :e44255 DOI Author Url
Rae R, Sinha A, Sommer RJ. 2012. Genome-wide analysis of germline signaling genes regulating longevity and innate immunity in the nematode Pristionchus pacificus. PLoS Pathog, 8 :e1002864 DOI Author Url
Rae R, Sommer RJ. 2011. Bugs don't make worms kill Journal of Experimental Biology, 214 :1053 DOI Author Url
Rae R, Iatsenko I, Witte H, Sommer RJ. 2010. A subset of naturally isolated Bacillus strains show extreme virulence to the free-living nematodes Caenorhabditis elegans and Pristionchus pacificus. Environ Microbiol, 12 :3007-3021 DOI Author Url
Rae RG, Tourna M, Wilson MJ. 2010. The slug parasitic nematode Phasmarhabditis hermaphrodita associates with complex and variable bacterial assemblages that do not affect its virulence. J Invertebr Pathol, 104 :222-226 DOI Author Url
Weller AM, Mayer WE, Rae R, Sommer RJ. 2010. Quantitative assessment of the nematode fauna present on Geotrupes dung beetles reveals species-rich communities with a heterogeneous distribution. J Parasitol, 96 :525-531 DOI Author Url
Rae RG, Robertson JF, Wilson MJ. 2009. Optimization of biological (Phasmarhabditis hermaphrodita) and chemical (iron phosphate and metaldehyde) slug control Crop Protection, 28 :765-773 DOI Author Url
MacMillan K, Haukeland S, Rae R, Young I, Crawford J, Hapca S, Wilson M. 2009. Dispersal patterns and behaviour of the nematode Phasmarhabditis hermaphrodita in mineral soils and organic media Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 41 :1483-1490 DOI Author Url
Rae RG, Robertson JF, Wilson MJ. 2009. Chemoattraction and host preference of the gastropod parasitic nematode Phasmarhabditis hermaphrodita. J Parasitol, 95 :517-526 DOI Author Url
Rae R, Schlager B, Sommer RJ. 2008. Assessment of the olfactory response to chemicals or bacteria in pristionchus nematodes. CSH Protoc, 2008 :pdb.prot5064 DOI Author Url
Rae R, Schlager B, Sommer RJ. 2008. Isolation of pristionchus nematodes from beetles. CSH Protoc, 2008 :pdb.prot5063 DOI Author Url
Rae R, Schlager B, Sommer RJ. 2008. Pristionchus pacificus: A Genetic Model System for the Study of Evolutionary Developmental Biology and the Evolution of Complex Life-History Traits. CSH Protoc, 2008 :pdb.emo102 DOI Author Url
Rae R, Riebesell M, Dinkelacker I, Wang Q, Herrmann M, Weller AM, Dieterich C, Sommer RJ. 2008. Isolation of naturally associated bacteria of necromenic Pristionchus nematodes and fitness consequences. J Exp Biol, 211 :1927-1936 DOI Author Url
Rae RG, Robertson JF, Wilson MJ. 2008. Susceptibility and immune response of Deroceras reticulatum, Milax gagates and Limax pseudoflavus exposed to the slug parasitic nematode Phasmarhabditis hermaphrodita Journal of Invertebrate Pathology, 97 :61-69 DOI Author Url
Rae R, Verdun C, Grewal PS, Robertson JF, Wilson MJ. 2007. Biological control of terrestrial molluscs using Phasmarhabditis hermaphrodita--progress and prospects. Pest Manag Sci, 63 :1153-1164 DOI Author Url
Hapca S, Crawford J, Rae R, Wilson M, Young I. 2007. Movement of the parasitic nematode Phasmarhabditis hermaphrodita in the presence of mucus from the host slug Deroceras reticulatum Biological Control, 41 :223-229 DOI
Wilson M, Robertson J, Rae R. 2006. The chemotactic response of Phasmarhabditis hermaphrodita (Nematoda: Rhabditida) to cues of Deroceras reticulatum (Mollusca: Gastropoda) Nematology, 8 :197-200 DOI
Rae RG, Robertson J, Wilson MJ. 2005. Susceptibility of indigenous UK earthworms and an invasive pest flatworm to the slug parasitic nematodePhasmarhabditis hermaphrodita Biocontrol Science and Technology, 15 :623-626 DOI
Rae RG. Phasmarhabditis hermaphrodita – a new model to study the genetic evolution of parasitism Nematology, 19 :375-387 DOI Author Url Public Url
Rae RG. Shell encapsulation of parasitic nematodes by Arianta arbustorum (Linnaeus, 1758) in the laboratory and in field collections Joural of Molluscan Studies, 84 :92-95 DOI Author Url Public Url
Rae R, Cowlishaw R, Andrus P. An investigation into nematodes encapsulated in shells of wild, farmed and museum specimens of Cornu aspersum and Helix pomatia Journal of Conchology, 43 :1-8
Falkingham P, Rae R. 3D morphology of nematode encapsulation in snail shells, revealed by micro-CT imaging Scientific Reports, DOI Author Url Public Url
Chapters
Rae RG. 2015. Phasmarhabditis hermaphrodita as a control agent for slugs Nematode Pathogenesis of Insects and Other Pests Ecology and Applied Technologies for Sustainable Plant and Crop Protection Springer 9783319182650 DOI
Rae RG. 2015. Bacterial interactions of Pristionchus pacificus Pristionchus Pacificus A Nematode Model for Comparative and Evolutionary Biology Brill Academic Publishers 9789004260290
Sinha A, Rae R. 2015. Bacterial interactions and the innate immune system Nematology Monographs and Perspectives 11 :385-407 9789004260290
Research Grants Awarded:
BASF Agricultural Specialities, A survey of European slugs for pathogenic nematodes (Research Assistant position)., Grant value (£): 19,930.00, Duration of research project: 4 months. 2020
The Royal Horticultural Society and LJMU, Investigation into the efficacy of the slug biological control agent Phasmarhabditis hermaphrodita, Grant value (£): £68706, Duration of research project: 3 years. 2018
BASF Agricultural Specialities and LJMU, Investigation into natural genetic variation in virulence in slug parasitic nematodes, Grant value (£): £68706, Duration of research project: 3 years. 2018
Wellcome Trust, Biomedical undergraduate summer studentship, Grant value (£): 1600, Duration of research project: 8 weeks. 2015
Wellcome Trust, Investigation into a potential nematode biocontrol agent for Biomphalaria glabrata the intermediate snail host for the blood parasite Schistosoma mansoni, Grant value (£): 1600, Duration of research project: 2 months. 2014
BASF Agricultural Specialities, Genomic analysis of the parasitic nematode Phasmarhabditis hermaphrodita (and other wild Phasmarhabditis species) – a biological control agent of slugs, Grant value (£): 120559.